![]() 3,4 Although it was recognized that North American snails frantically waved their tentacles when exposed to gas, this technique did not prove to be a practical warning device. The Army also devised numerous detectors that variously alarmed, beeped, and changed color in the presence of poison gas. ![]() ultimately produced more than 5 million gas masks. invested in a massive research effort, eventually deploying the Kops-Tissot-Monroe mask that became standard issue. Initially forced to adopt British small-box respirators when early American gas masks proved ineffective, the U.S. 1,2 The CWS created an array of technologies to protect soldiers. Army Medical Department (AMEDD) created a Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) to develop protective equipment, which allowed its physicians to focus on treatment. did not enter World War I until 1917, it benefitted from the lessons learned by the French and British. ![]() Over the next three years, warring countries worked to develop multi-tiered responses to the threat of chemical weapons. While the German military offensive floundered, medically Ypres was a disaster for the British and French. The British had no gas masks, their physicians did not know how to treat gas-related casualties, and their hospital infrastructure was not equipped to handle the strain of thousands of new patients. In this first use of modern chemical warfare, all the advantages lay with the attacker. They released a rolling cloud that tumbled across “no man’s land” and into the unprepared trenches of the British Expeditionary Force defending the line at Ypres, France. Just before the sun began its slow descent below the horizon on April 22, 1915, thousands of German soldiers simultaneously twisted the knobs on metal cylinders containing chlorine gas.
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